Hydrogen sulfide unsaturated hydrocarbons aromatic hydrocarbons e. A series of textbooks and reference books founding editor l. Natural gas should not be confused with gasoline, which is made from petroleum. Some aspects concerning the history of this issue are given in the literature 2. Odorant masking odor masking is the change in perception to odor rather than an actual disappearance of odor. A report of gas odor should be investigated immediately using leak detection.
A brief history of natural gas although naturally occurring gas has been known since ancient times, its commercial use is relatively recent. It is used as a feedstock in the manufacture of fertilizers, plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals as well as used as a fuel for electricity generation, heating purpose in industrial and commercial units. The handbook of liquefied natural gas is a timely book as the industry is currently developing new large sources of supply and the technologies have evolved in recent years to enable offshore infrastructure to develop and handle resources in more remote and harsher environments. A basic handbook, second edition provides the reader with a quick and accessible introduction to a fuel sourceindustry that is transforming the energy sector. Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuels among the available fossil fuels. Access our current rate books based on your service area, which include basic information on rates, rate adjustments, and other helpful details. Near consuming regions or industry natural gas fired power plants. Historical versions view previous versions of standard. Natural gas is fundamental to our way of life we use it for cooking, heating, electricity and power. Generally molecules meeting this specification have molecular weights of less than 300. The book contains the minimum acceptable standards for gas piping and gas. Most odorants today consist of an assortment of various chemicals which include tertiary butyl mercaptan, tetrahydrothiophene, isopropyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and methyl ethyl sulfide.
Gpl odorizers is exhibiting at the natural gas odorization conference and exhibition on august 2728 at the royal sonesta hotel in houston texas. Written at an introductory level, but still appropriate for engineers and other technical readers, this book provides an overview of natural gas as a fuel source, including its origins, properties and composition. Since 2001, several german gas distribution companies have converted to odorization of natural gas with the sulfurfree odorant gasodor sfree. Natural gas is an odorless and colorless flammable gas. It is the only book of its kind, covering the many aspects of the. Instances where the odorant in an odorized gas may be undetectable include. Industry expert john kennedy details the oil and gas pipeline operation industry in this complete text. Chinese reportedly used natural gas for evaporating water to produce salt. For these bypasstype odorizers, a very small amount of mainstream natural gas is bypassed through the unit, and the odorant laden gas is retured to the gas main to mix with the larger portion of gas flow. Our history for three generations, the zeck family was the pioneer in the development and design of simple, yet precise, natural gas odorant injection systems. These odorizers are designed to allow the small amount of gas to absorb enough odorant to produce the desired odor intensity in the main gas. Natural gas also called fossil gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. Historically, natural gas also has been one of the most economical energy sources.
American school of gas measurement technology proper testing of odorant concentration levels paul d. Regulations american gas association clean natural gas. History of natural gas the ancient peoples of greece, persia, and india discovered natural gas many centuries ago. Locate management is an education, training, and assessment service provider for the ground disturbance excavation and line locating communities. Like natural gas, propane is colorless and odorless. Astm d6273 14 standard test methods for natural gas odor. Faulkner columbus division, battelle memorial institute and department of mechanical engineering the ohio state university columbus, ohio 1. Propane becomes a gas when it is released to fuel gas appliances. Permeability determines the rate at which natural gas may be injected or withdrawn. Odor thresholds for chemicals with established health standards, 2nd edition table 6. Any natural gas odorant is only as good as its components. My natural gas safety activity book is a coloring and activity book that describes important natural gas safety concepts. Gpl odorizers natural gas odorizing zeck yz systems.
The gas company repairman smelled the strong odor of natural gas and said nothing as he ran past my daughter and i out of the house. Early safety device for introducing odor into naturalgas lines to make leaks. It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface. The most common type is one that adds a mercaptan liquid into natural gas. The gas odorizer at work prior to its retirement the small one on the left. The material surveyed spans historical market context, fundamental drivers and the mechanics and instruments used to trade and risk manage a natural gas portfolio. Ansul carbon dioxide system components to add wintergreen odor pdf. An aroma compound, also known as an odorant, aroma, fragrance, or flavor, is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor. Over 90% of the natural gas used in queensland comes f.
Pdf natural gas fuel is a green fuel and becoming very demanding because it is environmental safe and clean. By the addition of odorants to liquid petroleum gas and natural gas an improved level of safety is reached. The purpose of this notice is to provide contractors who work on natural gas piping, appliances and equipment and customers who desire more information with additional safety information on natural gas odorant and the potential for odor. Odorants used for natural gas vary from country to country. A customer guide to natural gas service installation gas yellow book pdf outlines specifications and requirements relating to the connection and use of natural gas supplied from con edison s system. It is important to remember that the odorizer is not the device determining whether the odor of the natural gas is sufficient to be recognizable at the mandated level. Be aware that the stenching chemical added to gas to make it detectable may not warn of a gas leak or the presence of propane or natural gas to all persons in every instance.
Thus, the odorant must enable a person with a normal sense of smell to detect the presence of. The purpose of this notice is to provide contractors who work on natural gas piping, appliances and equipment and customers who desire more information with additional safety information on natural gas odorant and the potential for odor fade in certain rare circumstances. The petrophysical rock core contains gas or oil which are used as fuel as for energy source. Nearly 300 students in texas are killed by an explosion of natural gas at their school on this day in 1937. The z associated with yz systems, the manufacturer of the leading yz odorizer, denotes the zeck family.
Gas technology institute gti overview established in 1941 staff of 300 350 active projects 1,200 patents. About natural gas odorization midland resource recovery. Gas detectors can be used as an extra measure of safety for detecting gas leaks, especially under conditions where the odorant alone may not provide an adequate warning. Natural gas is the cleanest burning conventional fuel, producing lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions than the heavier hydrocarbon fuels, like coal and oil. When natural gas odorant fade is noted at the end of a.
Section 1 table of contents pdf section 2 contact list pdf section 3 service area pdf section 4 technical terms and conditions pdf section 5 rate. I made another call to the gas company on october 8, 2000 and i meant business this time. Findings and recommendations from the joint nistaga. A customer guide to electrical service installation electric blue book pdf. Operators of small natural gas systems phmsa us department. Appalachian gas measurement short course 2019 agmsc. Nuclear power plants generate about 15% of canadas. The gassy odor of manufactured gas was originally duplicated in natural gas by. Natural gas odorizers run the gamut from a simple wick in a container to computerized equipment, which controls the amount of odorant based on flow rate, tracks the amount of odorant in inventory, and alarms when odorant is not being injected into the gas stream. The gas odorant is the chemical injected into the gas to cause it to smell. About natural gas ministry of petroleum and natural gas. Olfactory adaptation or olfactory fatigue, when the exposure to the odorant lasts and person gets used to this level of intensity. Odorant normally a mixture of methylethyl sulfide mes and tertiary butyl mercaptan tbush added to natural gas to warn users of its presence.
Canada is the worlds second largest producer and exporter of uranium. Backed by more than four decades of manufacturing experience, these mercaptans are produced in chevron phillips chemicals modern facilities devoted exclusively to the production of highquality hydrocarbons and. An odorant, called mercaptan, is added to propane so escaping gas can be detected. And like all fossil fuels coal, petroleum, natural gaspropane is a nonrenewable energy source. Gas detectors emit a loud, shrill sound when gas is present and do not depend on sense of smell. The advantages of natural gas include its efficiency, abundance, and versatility. Pipeline industry overview types of pipelines pipe manufacture and coating fundamentals of pipeline design pumps and compressors prime movers construction practices and equipment welding techniques and equipment operation and control metering and storage maintenance and repair. Natural gas and oil seeps have been known since ancient times. Wehnert heath consultants incorporated 9030 monroe road, houston, tx 77061 abstract proper odorant monitoring is required to keep natural gas utilities under compliance with federal and state regulations. Uranium is a metal that is mined, milled, refined, converted, and finally used to fuel nuclear power generation. The consolidated school of new london, texas, sat in the middle of a large oil and. Quite uninteresting except that natural gas is combustible, abundant in the united states, and when burned it gives off a great deal of energy with.
An intellectual history of a physiologist with psychophysical aspirations. D627314 standard test methods for natural gas odor intensity odor intensity. For a chemical compound to have a smell or odor it must be sufficiently volatile to be transported to the olfactory system in the upper part of the nose. Natural gas, in itself, might be considered an uninteresting gas it is colorless, shapeless, and odorless in its pure form. Expanding the use of excess flow valves in gas distribution systems to applications other than singlefamily residences jan 2012. An odorizer is a device that adds an odorant to a gas. Kato the safety ranger engages children through various activities while introducing them to the uses of natural gas in the home and key behaviors for staying safe around natural gas. Pfpd pulsed flame photometric detector permeable when used in the context. Odorizer news newspapers books scholar jstor november 2019 learn how and when to remove this template message. Natural gas trading in north america presents the core knowledge required to work on a natural gas trading desk in north america.
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